Biosecurity refers to the measures used to reduce the introduction and spread of disease. On smallholder farms, practical routines can protect livestock health while also improving animal welfare and reducing production losses.

Control the introduction of new animals

Newly purchased or returning animals should be observed separately before mixing with the resident herd or flock. Their health history, source and any treatment records should be checked where available.

Keep housing, equipment and water points clean

Remove manure and wet bedding regularly, clean shared equipment and prevent feed or water from becoming contaminated. Sick-animal areas should be cleaned with particular care.

Limit unnecessary movement

Visitors, vehicles, borrowed equipment and animals moving between farms can carry infectious material. Use designated entry points, clean footwear and equipment, and avoid unnecessary contact with sick animals.

Observe animals every day

Changes in appetite, behaviour, breathing, movement, body condition, production or manure can indicate a health problem. Early reporting to an animal-health professional improves the chance of effective response.

Handle animals calmly and humanely

Use safe handling facilities, avoid beating or excessive force, provide adequate water and shade, and plan transport to reduce injury and stress. Good welfare supports both ethical practice and productive performance.

Keep basic records

Record illness, deaths, treatments, vaccination, animal movement and visitors during disease concerns. These records can help identify patterns and support professional advice.